Ansible and Python 3

The ansible-core code runs Python 3 (for specific versions check Control Node Requirements Contributors to ansible-core and to Ansible Collections should be aware of the tips in this document so that they can write code that will run on the same versions of Python as the rest of Ansible.

We do have some considerations depending on the types of Ansible code:

code on the control node - code that runs on the machine where you invoke /usr/bin/ansible, only needs to support the control node’s Python versions.
modules - the code which Ansible transmits to and invokes on the managed machine. Modules need to support the ‘managed node’ Python versions, with some exceptions.
shared module_utils code - the common code that is used by modules to perform tasks and sometimes used by code on the control node. Shared module_utils code needs to support the same range of Python as the modules.

However, the three types of code do not use the same string strategy. If you’re developing a module or some module_utils code, be sure to read the section on string strategy carefully.

Minimum version of Python 3.x and Python 2.x 

See Control Node Requirements and Managed Node Requirements for the specific versions supported.

Your custom modules can support any version of Python (or other languages) you want, but the above are the requirements for the code contributed to the Ansible project.

Developing Ansible code that supports Python 2 and Python 3 

The best place to start learning about writing code that supports both Python 2 and Python 3 is Lennart Regebro’s book: Porting to Python 3. The book describes several strategies for porting to Python 3. The one we’re using is to support Python 2 and Python 3 from a single code base

Understanding strings in Python 2 and Python 3 

Python 2 and Python 3 handle strings differently, so when you write code that supports Python 3 you must decide what string model to use. Strings can be an array of bytes (like in C) or they can be an array of text. Text is what we think of as letters, digits, numbers, other printable symbols, and a small number of unprintable “symbols” (control codes).

In Python 2, the two types for these (str for bytes and unicode for text) are often used interchangeably. When dealing only with ASCII characters, the strings can be combined, compared, and converted from one type to another automatically. When non-ASCII characters are introduced, Python 2 starts throwing exceptions due to not knowing what encoding the non-ASCII characters should be in.

Python 3 changes this behavior by making the separation between bytes (bytes) and text (str) more strict. Python 3 will throw an exception when trying to combine and compare the two types. The programmer has to explicitly convert from one type to the other to mix values from each.

In Python 3 it is immediately apparent to the programmer when code is mixing the byte and text types inappropriately, whereas in Python 2, code that mixes those types may work until a user causes an exception by entering non-ASCII input. Python 3 forces programmers to proactively define a strategy for working with strings in their program so that they don’t mix text and byte strings unintentionally.

Ansible uses different strategies for working with strings in the code on the control node, in :ref: modules <module_string_strategy>, and in module_utils code.

Control node string strategy: the Unicode Sandwich 

Until recently ansible-core supported Python 2.x and followed this strategy, known as the Unicode Sandwich (named after Python 2’s unicode text type). For Unicode Sandwich we know that at the border of our code and the outside world (for example, file and network IO, environment variables, and some library calls) we are going to receive bytes. We need to transform these bytes into text and use that throughout the internal portions of our code. When we have to send those strings back out to the outside world we first convert the text back into bytes. To visualize this, imagine a ‘sandwich’ consisting of a top and bottom layer of bytes, a layer of conversion between, and all text type in the center.

For compatibility reasons you will see a bunch of custom functions we developed (to_text/to_bytes/to_native) and while Python 2 is not a concern anymore we will continue to use them as they apply for other cases that make dealing with unicode problematic.

While we will not be using it most of it anymore, the documentation below is still useful for those developing modules that still need to support both Python 2 and 3 simultaneously.

Unicode Sandwich common borders: places to convert bytes to text in control node code 

This is a partial list of places where we have to convert to and from bytes when using the Unicode Sandwich string strategy. It is not exhaustive but it gives you an idea of where to watch for problems.

Reading and writing to files 

In Python 2, reading from files yields bytes. In Python 3, it can yield text. To make code that’s portable to both we don’t make use of Python 3’s ability to yield text but instead do the conversion explicitly ourselves. For example:

from ansible.module_utils.common.text.converters import to_text

with open('filename-with-utf8-data.txt', 'rb') as my_file:
    b_data = my_file.read()
    try:
        data = to_text(b_data, errors='surrogate_or_strict')
    except UnicodeError:
        # Handle the exception gracefully -- usually by displaying a good
        # user-centric error message that can be traced back to this piece
        # of code.
        pass

Note

Much of Ansible assumes that all encoded text is UTF-8. At some point, if there is demand for other encodings we may change that, but for now it is safe to assume that bytes are UTF-8.

Writing to files is the opposite process:

from ansible.module_utils.common.text.converters import to_bytes

with open('filename.txt', 'wb') as my_file:
    my_file.write(to_bytes(some_text_string))

Note that we don’t have to catch UnicodeError here because we’re transforming to UTF-8 and all text strings in Python can be transformed back to UTF-8.

Filesystem interaction 

Dealing with filenames often involves dropping back to bytes because on UNIX-like systems filenames are bytes. On Python 2, if we pass a text string to these functions, the text string will be converted to a byte string inside of the function and a traceback will occur if non-ASCII characters are present. In Python 3, a traceback will only occur if the text string can’t be decoded in the current locale, but it is still good to be explicit and have code which works on both versions:

import os.path

from ansible.module_utils.common.text.converters import to_bytes

filename = u'/var/tmp/くらとみ.txt'
f = open(to_bytes(filename), 'wb')
mtime = os.path.getmtime(to_bytes(filename))
b_filename = os.path.expandvars(to_bytes(filename))
if os.path.exists(to_bytes(filename)):
    pass

When you are only manipulating a filename as a string without talking to the filesystem (or a C library which talks to the filesystem) you can often get away without converting to bytes:

import os.path

os.path.join(u'/var/tmp/café', u'くらとみ')
os.path.split(u'/var/tmp/café/くらとみ')

On the other hand, if the code needs to manipulate the filename and also talk to the filesystem, it can be more convenient to transform to bytes right away and manipulate in bytes.

Warning

Make sure all variables passed to a function are the same type. If you’re working with something like os.path.join() which takes multiple strings and uses them in combination, you need to make sure that all the types are the same (either all bytes or all text). Mixing bytes and text will cause tracebacks.

Interacting with other programs 

Interacting with other programs goes through the operating system and C libraries and operates on things that the UNIX kernel defines. These interfaces are all byte-oriented so the Python interface is byte oriented as well. On both Python 2 and Python 3, byte strings should be given to Python’s subprocess library and byte strings should be expected back from it.

One of the main places in Ansible’s control node code that we interact with other programs is the connection plugins’ exec_command methods. These methods transform any text strings they receive in the command (and arguments to the command) to execute into bytes and return stdout and stderr as byte strings Higher level functions (like action plugins’ _low_level_execute_command) transform the output into text strings.

Module string strategy: Native String 

In modules we use a strategy known as Native Strings. This makes things easier on the community members who maintain so many of Ansible’s modules, by not breaking backwards compatibility by mandating that all strings inside of modules are text and converting between text and bytes at the borders.

Native strings refer to the type that Python uses when you specify a bare string literal:

"This is a native string"

In Python 2, these are byte strings. In Python 3 these are text strings. Modules should be coded to expect bytes on Python 2 and text on Python 3.

Module_utils string strategy: hybrid 

In module_utils code we use a hybrid string strategy. Although Ansible’s module_utils code is largely like module code, some pieces of it are used by the control node as well. So it needs to be compatible with modules and with the control node’s assumptions, particularly the string strategy. The module_utils code attempts to accept native strings as input to its functions and emit native strings as their output.

In module_utils code:

Functions must accept string parameters as either text strings or byte strings.
Functions may return either the same type of string as they were given or the native string type for the Python version they are run on.
Functions that return strings must document whether they return strings of the same type as they were given or native strings.

Module-utils functions are therefore often very defensive in nature. They convert their string parameters into text (using ansible.module_utils.common.text.converters.to_text) at the beginning of the function, do their work, and then convert the return values into the native string type (using ansible.module_utils.common.text.converters.to_native) or back to the string type that their parameters received.

Tips, tricks, and idioms for Python 2/Python 3 compatibility 

Use forward-compatibility boilerplate 

Use the following boilerplate code at the top of all python files to make certain constructs act the same way on Python 2 and Python 3:

# Make coding more python3-ish
from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function)
__metaclass__ = type

__metaclass__ = type makes all classes defined in the file into new-style classes without explicitly inheriting from object.

The __future__ imports do the following:

absolute_import:: Makes imports look in sys.path for the modules being imported, skipping the directory in which the module doing the importing lives. If the code wants to use the directory in which the module doing the importing, there’s a new dot notation to do so.
division:: Makes division of integers always return a float. If you need to find the quotient use x // y instead of x / y.
print_function:: Changes print from a keyword into a function.

Prefix byte strings with `b_`

Since mixing text and bytes types leads to tracebacks we want to be clear about what variables hold text and what variables hold bytes. We do this by prefixing any variable holding bytes with b_. For example:

filename = u'/var/tmp/café.txt'
b_filename = to_bytes(filename)
with open(b_filename) as f:
    data = f.read()

We do not prefix the text strings instead because we only operate on byte strings at the borders, so there are fewer variables that need bytes than text.

Import Ansible’s bundled Python `six` library 

The third-party Python six library exists to help projects create code that runs on both Python 2 and Python 3. Ansible includes a version of the library in module_utils so that other modules can use it without requiring that it is installed on the remote system. To make use of it, import it like this:

from ansible.module_utils import six

Note

Ansible can also use a system copy of six

Ansible will use a system copy of six if the system copy is a later version than the one Ansible bundles.

Handle exceptions with `as`

In order for code to function on Python 2.6+ and Python 3, use the new exception-catching syntax which uses the as keyword:

try:
    a = 2/0
except ValueError as e:
    module.fail_json(msg="Tried to divide by zero: %s" % e)

Do not use the following syntax as it will fail on every version of Python 3:

try:
    a = 2/0
except ValueError, e:
    module.fail_json(msg="Tried to divide by zero: %s" % e)

Update octal numbers 

In Python 2.x, octal literals could be specified as 0755. In Python 3, octals must be specified as 0o755.

String formatting for control node code 

Use `str.format()` for Python 2.6 compatibility 

Starting in Python 2.6, strings gained a method called format() to put strings together. However, one commonly used feature of format() wasn’t added until Python 2.7, so you need to remember not to use it in Ansible code:

# Does not work in Python 2.6!
new_string = "Dear {}, Welcome to {}".format(username, location)

# Use this instead
new_string = "Dear {0}, Welcome to {1}".format(username, location)

Both of the format strings above map positional arguments of the format() method into the string. However, the first version doesn’t work in Python 2.6. Always remember to put numbers into the placeholders so the code is compatible with Python 2.6.

Use percent format with byte strings 

In Python 3.x, byte strings do not have a format() method. However, it does have support for the older, percent-formatting.

b_command_line = b'ansible-playbook --become-user %s -K %s' % (user, playbook_file)

Note

Percent formatting added in Python 3.5

Percent formatting of byte strings was added back into Python 3 in 3.5. This isn’t a problem for us because Python 3.5 is our minimum version. However, if you happen to be testing Ansible code with Python 3.4 or earlier, you will find that the byte string formatting here won’t work. Upgrade to Python 3.5 to test.